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| Special Centennial Issue |
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No. 407 |
April 2022 |
Vol. CII (Part-IV) |
ISSN: 0019-5170 |
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Contents
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Examining the Gender Disparity and Trend of Labor
Force Participation and Employment in India
Parwinder Kaur1
Rashmi Gujrati2
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Since 1990, India has experienced substantial economic
growth, but progress toward equitable economic
participation for women has not kept pace with that growth.
Women's participation in economic activities is vital for them
to reach their full economic potential and it will not only
help to build the economy. However, this will result in more
inclusive development. The substantial reduction in labour
force participation between 2005 and 2019 has generated
tremendous scholarly interest. This paper seeks to capture
the gender disparities in labour force participation and
employment in India. It also investigate the recent trend of
labour force participation and employment among male and
females by using data obtained from NSS various rounds
survey and periodical labour force survey 2017-18 and
2018-19.This paper founds the huge gender gap between
male and female during 2003 to 2019. This paper also found
that female participation in India is significantly lower as
compare to male. 55.5 per cent gender disparity in labour
force participation among male and females. One strongly
positive shift noted more prominently in urban and rural
areas is the constant increment in the amount of regular
workers as the percentage of women engaged in selfemployment
and casual labour diminish.
Keywords: Labour force participation rate, Gender
disparities, Employment status, Self employed, Occupational
distribution.
- Research Scholar of Economics, CT University, Ludhiana (Punjab).
Email-Id: parwinderbraich30@gmail.com
- Dean (Research & Innovation), CT University Ludhiana (Punjab).
Email-Id: rashmi17670@ctuniversity.in
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Volatility Transmission Among Nigeria, Some Selected
African and World Equity Markets
Eseoghene Joseph IDOLOR1
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I examine the extent of volatility transmission, spill-over and
contagion among Nigeria, some selected African and world
equity markets. The study examines five major regional
African and four major world equity markets that cuts across
Asia, Europe and North America. Using daily and weekly
stock market index data from December 2004 to December
2013, the study applied the multivariate BEKK methodology,
which enables easy analysis of volatility transmission, spillover
and contagion effect from world equity markets to the
regional African and then to the Nigerian market. Empirical
findings indicate the presence of volatility transmission and
spill-over among the Nigerian and world equity markets.
However, for the Nigerian and African markets, the results
show that there is volatility transmission, but no evidence of
volatility spill-over. The results were not statistically
significant enough to prove the existence of volatility
contagion among all the African markets, arising from the
2008 global financial crisis period that the study focused on.
Overall the empirical findings suggest that African markets
are segmented at the regional and global level, as domestic
volatility is more influenced by local idiosyncratic shocks
which indicates the proportion of volatility generated within
the markets that are not attributable to either global or
regional factors.
Keywords: Volatility, Transmission, Spilover, Contagion, BEKK, Idiosyncratic Risk, Nigeria.
JEL Classification: C32, C51, C52, G10
- IDOLOR, Eseoghene Joseph Ph.D., is an Associate Professorin the Department of
Banking & Finance, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria. I
gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments and contributions from the reviewer.
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Assessing Department-Level Academic Efficiency of
A Central University Using DEA Techniques:
A Case Study
Rangalal Mohapatra1
Utpaljit Deori2
Momi Chutia3
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This paper, using three outputs (TRS, AMS, and NFD) and
five inputs (TFA, TEX, NPF, TFSE, and TMSE) for the year
2015-16, empirically assessed the relative pure technical,
technical, scale, and mix academic efficiency, sources of
efficiency and ranking of fully efficient performers of 27
DMUs of Sikkim Central University employing CCR, BCC,
SBM and Super-SBM model input oriented model in pre and
post merging situation. The result suggests that DMUs of the
university are operating at different levels of technical, scale
efficiencies and mix efficiency levels. The mean CCR, BCC
and SBM efficiency scores are 0.909, 0.961 and 0.837.
School wise SLS is most CCR and SBM efficient, SSS and
SHS are least CCR and SBM efficient, but SPRS is most BCC
efficient and SSS is most BCC inefficient. Of all the BCC
inefficient performers, four DMUs are operating under IRS,
two in DRS and three are under CRS. Thus, on the basis of
sources of inefficiencies, DMUs are grouped into six
categories: low PTE DMUs; low MIX efficient DMUs; low
PTE and MIX efficient DMUs; low scale efficient DMUs;
low MIX and scale efficient DMUs; low PTE and scale
efficient DMUs; and DMUs with PTE, MIX and scale
inefficiency. Due to merging the CCR, BCC and SBM
efficiency score changed to 0.912, 0.940, and 0.846, a sign of
improvement. The merged DMU became fully efficient under all circumstances. None of the DMUs worked under IRS and except three DMUs all other are operating under MPSS.
Thus even though merger of DMU augmented the efficiency
and reduced the all types of inefficiencies, still MIX
inefficiency and PTE inefficiency play crucial role in
performances. DMU16 has become most super efficient and
DMU22 become least super efficient. The Super-SBM-efficient
DMUs, on an average, have the potential to save the
input use by 17 per cent and still have the credit of attending
the full efficiency. Due to merger the significant change is
that the DMU14 (pre merger it is DMU15) has performed
very well by occupying second rank in the super-SBM
efficient group of DMUs. Despite the limitation of a small
scale analysis, the study has significant academic and
managerial policy implication for the university in particular
and for the country as a whole. Augmentation of efficiency of
each DMU should be addressed with a specific type of
inefficiency. The CCR inefficient DMUs require reallocation
of the input combination to improve upon their efficiencies;
the BCC inefficient DMUs require policy for operational
efficiency on input use; and the SBM inefficient DMUs
warrants effective policy for reducing the input slacks and
improving the output shortfalls by considering the situation
of merging. This study would help future assessing, ranking,
and benchmarking of higher educational institutions.
Keywords : DEA Analysis, Super Efficiency, Radial and Non
Radial Efficiency, Scale Efficiency, Mix Efficiency, Academic Efficiency, and Ranking of HEIs.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim.
E-mail: rmohapatra@cns.ac.in
- Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim.
E-mail: udjdeori@gmail.com
- P.G. Student of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim.
E-mail: momichutia@gmail.com
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CSR and Corporate Financial Performance: Evidence
from listed Indian Automobile Companies
Satish Chandra Tiwari1
Munawar Sayyad2
Kishan Jee3
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The automobile sector is an imperative support to the Indian
Economy. The Indian automobile industry is one of the
leading automobile industries in the world. It has been
growing each year, leading to stiff competition, and every
corporation attempts to boost its image value with the
support of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities.
CSR is a self-regulatory business model directly relates to a
firm's liquidity, age, risk, size, and growth. Also, CSR is
renowned as a momentous tool, which enriches its goodwill
leading to its success. Hence, our first objective is to find out
the association of CSR with a firm's liquidity, age, risk, size
and growth. Secondly, this paper also examines the
relationship between CSR initiatives adopted by the Indian
automobile industry with their corporate image. So, we aim
to analyze the association of CSR and the financial
performance of Indian automobile companies listed on the
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE 500). We have used panel
data and regression analysis to analyze the objectives of the
study. We found a significant relationship between firm
performance and CSR and other control variables used in
our study. The paper is helpful for the automobile sector and
provides insight into CSR activities and their significant role
in firm performance and reputation.
Keywords : CSR, Firms image, Indian automobile industry,
Regression analysis.
- Department of Finance, IFHE, ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad, India.
Email: satish2bhu@gmail.com
- Department of Finance, IFHE, ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad, India,
Email: munawar0013@ibsindia.org
- Faculty of Commerce, GNS University, Rohtas, India. Email: kishangnsu@gmail.com
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COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security Status of
Farming Households in Nigeria
OZOR, Patience Lilian1
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COVID-19 pandemic is a global outbreak that has severely
affected individuals, households and nations all over the
world. It has both direct health and indirect consequences on
the livelihood of people characterized with business closures,
social distancing and movement restrictions with the
exception of essential services and stringent protocols in the
public space. This study assessed the effect of COVID-19
pandemic on food security status of farming households in
Nigeria. Data from Nigeria COVID-19 National
Longitudinal Phone Survey was used and analysed using
quantitative method. The study has shown that household
earning was substantially affected by the pandemic and this
led to reduction in the ability of household to access basic
needs. The lockdown measures and restrictions in movement
used to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic also
contributed to labour shortage for agricultural production
and led to reduced access to farms and agricultural inputs.
The results showed that the COVID-19 outbreak has exposed
many households to the harsh realities of life through the
varying socioeconomic and livelihood challenges. This
ultimately contributed to losses due to inability to gain
access to farmlands to harvest highly perishable matured
crops. This resulted into increased prices of food items,
lower purchasing power and hunger in some cases. As at
June 2020, 30.3 percent were estimated as being food
insecure. This has resulted into a higher proportion of adults
in households skipping meals and totally running out of food.
Households have adopted coping strategies such reducing
food and non-food consumption, borrowing from neighbours
and relying on savings to cope with food insecurity. It was recommended that government should provide relevant
assistance to households to cope with food insecurity.
Keywords- Food security, farming, livelihood, COVID-19,
Coping strategies.
JEL Classification: D13, Q12, Q18, Q54
- Department of Economics and Development Studies, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo
State, Nigeria. Email: ozor.patience@iuokada.edu.ng
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Understanding the Multidimensional Wellbeing of the
Elderly in India – An Inter-state Analysis
Brotin Saha1
Sujoy Kumar Majumdar 2
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Ageing, which is result of demographic transformation, has
been a worldwide phenomena, India has also been in this
process and has been predicted to move at a faster pace in
the year ahead. Keeping an eye on this fact, the present study
has been intended for reflecting the wellbeing of the Indian
geriatric citizens. The study deals with the elderly residing
across the towns and villages of the eighteen major states of
the nation and presents their wellbeing picture in terms of
their numbers so as to give the glimpses of welfare from the
three fundamental dimensions of livelihood – familial living,
financial living and physical wellbeing. The study has been
based on the NSS data of the 71st Round (2014) and the
survey responses were used to construct certain variables
indication the wellness of this cohort under the head of the
three domains. India being a vast country, a state-wise
analysis has been drawn for comparisons with regard to the
wellbeing picture of the elderly. Since each of the indicators
may be assumed to have varied importance level and that the
importance may also differ across the rural-urban regions,
PCA has been used so that the different indicators could be
reduced to the respective dimension indices and further
combined to form a Composite Wellbeing India, reflecting
the overall wellbeing picture of the states’ resident elderly.
the states; like Assam, Delhi and Haryana have better
overall ranks with their ageing citizens enjoying come what
higher wellbeing scores, while certain states like Kerala and
Tamil Nadu, together with West Bengal have lower position
in the overall index column. Overall, the analytical results reveal that the elderly across majority of the India states are
in a state of moderate level of wellbeing.
Keywords: Elderly, Individual, Familial Wellbeing,
Economic Wellbeing, Physical Wellbeing, Composite
Wellbeing Index.
JEL Classification:J14, B55, I12, I31
- Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Raiganj University, West Bengal.
E-mail: brotin.saha@gmail.com
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Raiganj University, West Bengal.
E-mail: sujoykm@gmail.com
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The Formal Sector Industrialization
Process in Jammu and Kashmir
(A Panel Data Analysis)
Mehak Majeed1
Javaid Iqbal Khan2
Saeed Owais Mushtaq3
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Formal sector industrialization has been tested and
predicted as the most sustainable route to growth and
development by developmental theorists and practioners. The
MMSEs sector is the face of industrialization in the
developing world. There however exists a bifurcation of the
MSMEs sector into formal and informal sub-sectors across
the developing world. The current study is an analysis of the
formal sector MSMEs located in the mountainous and fragile
region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study establishes
labor intensively and capital deficiency amongst the MSMEs
in the region. The analysis further predicts low levels of
technical efficiency in the region and ascribes it to weak
governmental intervention as lack of credit facilities and
provision of infrastructure. The current study is the first
attempt of its kind to analyze the industrialization process in
J&K.
Keywords: India; Jammu and Kashmir; MSMEs; Technical
Efficiency.
JEL Classification: D21; L25; O14
- Faculty, Department of Economics, IUST University, Kashmir, J&K.
E-mail: dhaarmehak.scholar@kashmiruniversity.net
- Faculty, Department of Economics, IUST University, Kashmir, J&K. India.
E-mail: khanjavaid@kashmiruniversity.ac.in
- Faculty, Department of Economics, IUST University, Kashmir, J&K.
E-mail: saeedowais.scholar@kashmiruniversity.ac.in
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Measuring Volatility and Dispersion in State
Domestic Product of Indian States
A. K. Gaur*1
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The present paper examines the structure of interstate
disparity in State Domestic Products (SDPs) for twenty
Indian States for the period 1980-2015. Volatility in SDPs
over the period has been examined with several techniques
as unit root test (ADF/PP Test), ARCH and GARCH effects,
Clemente-Montances-Reyes unit root and structural break
test (Double mean shift – AO model), and inequality indices
based on properties of Lorenz curve. Empirical results revel
that SDPs have been volatile in terms of ADF/PP unit root
tests. GARCH (1, 1) also have been found for all states over
the period indicating volatility in this regard. Structural
break test results also indicate twin kinks in SDPs for Indian
States which also have been responsible for growing
inequality in this regard. Inequality indices as Gini, RMD,
Theil, Kakwani and Herfindahl indices also indicate that
inter-state inequality in SDPs has risen over the period
1980-2015.
Rising inter-state inequality in SDPs of Indian States is a
potential threat for Indian federation. These need urgent
steps to be taken by the Central Government/State
Governments especially ensuing Finance Commissions to
curb the menace.
Keywords: SDPs, ADF/PP Unit root test, ARCH/GARCH,
Clemente- Montances-Reyes structural break test, inequality
indices.
- Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi 221 005, INDIA, E-mail: gaurecobhu@gmail.com
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Investigating the Structure of Indian Food Manufacturing Industry: A Cross-sectional Study
Jai Ram Meena1
Swaran Lata Meena2
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This paper primarily aims to evaluate the structure of the
Indian food manufacturing industry. It uses cross-sectional
data on thirteen 4-digit level industry classes as per the
National Industrial Classification-2008. The data is sourced
from the Annual Survey of Industries (2017–18), CSO, New
Delhi. The data set includes the sub-sectoral distribution of
food manufacturing firms (rural vs. urban and state-wise),
manufactured food output (gross output and gross value
added), employment (production and non-production
workers), gross value of fixed assets, gross value of
investments in computer equipment (including software),
direct export’s share in ex-factory products and by-products,
foreign capital share and expenses on research and
development activities. Following a descriptive methodology,
this study concludes that the Indian food manufacturing
industry may be characterised as a fragmented, composite,
idiosyncratic and heterogeneous industrial structure
dominated by certain sub-sectors within it in terms of output,
gross value added, employment and exports. These structural
characteristics make it a complex industrial structure, and
the most export-intensive sub-sectors of this industry are
seafood and meat products.
Keywords: Export intensity, food manufacturing, structure,
sunk cost, upgradation.
- Associate Professor in Economics, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College (University of Delhi),
Sheikh Sarai-II, New Delhi-110017. E-mail: jrm@sbs.du.ac.in
- Assistant Professor in Economics, ARSD College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan,
New Delhi-110021.
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