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| Special Centennial Issue |
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No. 404 |
July 2021 |
Vol. CII |
ISSN: 0019-5170 |
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Contents
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Theories and Perspectives of Street Vending-
A Comparative Study of Markets in Delhi
B. Srinivasu1
Manvi Aggarwal2
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Street vending is an important part of informal economy and
people usually consider it as an option of last resort. The
present paper makes an attempt to identify various reasons
that why people choose street vending and thus categorises
them under various perspectives as proposed in the
literature. The paper proposes an addition to the existing
perspectives by examining the results of the primary survey
conducted in the markets of Delhi. The paper also examines
the demographic profile of 200 street vendors sampled from
the markets of Teliwara and Connaught Place. The results
suggests that street vending is now a rational choice and
decision made by people who are working as microentrepreneurs
in urban areas.
Keywords: Street Vendors, Informal Sector, Informal Economy, Informal Labour.
- Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110025. E-mail: bsrinivas07@gmail.com
- Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi- 110025.
E-mail: manvi.agg92@gmail.com
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An Empirical Study on Present Status of The Primary Schools in Ambedkar Nagar District: With Special Reference to “Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan”
Mulayam Singh Yadav1
Anjali Singh2
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Since Vedic periods Indian culture has persuaded cleanliness
as an attribute of human. The ancient education system, also
laid emphasis to purity of mind, body and soul to achieve the
steadfast personality and salvation. The disciples were
taught to remain clean before every ritual. Clean
environment was said to be the important aspect of human
body, soul, mind, intellect and entire life.
‘Clean India Campaign’ is a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi’
vision and it was proposed by Prime Minister Modi.
Mahatma Gandhi encouraged his followers to live a clean
and hygienic life. Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan
is an initiative of central government to spread awareness
about Swachh Bharat Campaign in and by the primary
schools. To analyse the present status of the said campaign
in the primary schools of Ambedkar Nagar District is the
primitive objective. In this pandemic time the importance of
cleanliness has reapproved the need of clean water and
sanitation, to study the COVID appropriate behaviour in the
study area is another objective.
- Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow.
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Motivational Aspect of Migration Among Brick Kiln
Laborers: A Study of Kushiabill, Dimapur Nagaland
Nijan Chandra Pegu1
Anuradha Singha2
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Migration is an observable fact occurring all over the world
and it is considered as the third component of population
change- ‘mortality, and ‘fertility’ being the first two.
Migration being a response of human organism to economic,
social, political change in society, poses number of
challenges as well as opportunities to the area concerned.
But, if the process continued after certain extent, it became a
nuisance and act as an obstacle in the prosperity of the
region by posing numerous socio-economic difficulties. In
some part of the country especially in the Northeastern part
of India Migration became a matter of great concern.
Northeastern region being comparatively less developed with
low employment scope and entrepreneurial spirit, people are
accustomed to migrate to the nearby areas of some industrial
set up. The brick kilns are the most common small industrial
set up in some part of the region which is basically run by
the migrants. Studies revealed that the negative impact of
migration falls both in the place of origin as well as place of
migration. It leads to division of families, loss of young , able
and energetic human resources leading to unbalanced
population structure with higher death rate in the place of
origin. On the other hand, various socio economic problems
related to language, racial/ethnic tensions, new low quality
settlements, health problems, overall environmental
degradation etc arises. Moreover, original residents lost
their job to incoming workers since with limited skill and
education in general, migrants are agreed to work at lower
wage rate. Nagaland is one such state of the northeastern region of India which has faced host of problems due to
migration process over the years. In Nagaland, especially in
the place like Dimapur, this phenomenon of movement of
people has contributed largely to the rapid growth of the
state population leaving both the migrants and the residents
of the area in a very unwanted and malicious situation.
Different types of people from different background, tribes
and religion migrate and assemble for their survival. But
recently, it is experiencing new dimensions with numerous
problems and challenges. Hence, in the present context it
became very important to make some policy changes in order
to check such movement of people which affect both the
areas of origin as well as new area of destination. The
present study deals with the kusiabill area of Dimapur where
there is a large concentration of brick kilns and remarkable
increase in migrants are seen in the area who is mainly
working in the brick kilns. The study attempts to find out the
factors responsible for their migration to clarify if the
employment opportunity is the main factors of such
migration or does the push factors of the place of origin also
boost up the migration to such areas of industrial set up.
Keywords : Migration, Brick kilns, pull and push factors,
factor analysis.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, B.Borooah College, Guwahati.
Email: nijan99@gmail.com
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, B. Borooah College, Guwahati.
Email: pompi_singh@yahoo.com / pompeesingha@gmail.com
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Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: A Selective Review and Agenda for Future Research
Krishnagi Pandey1
Prakash Singh2
Firoz Husain3
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Corporate governance practices by firm is increasingly
becoming a critical element of firm’s performance and an
area of great concern to all stakeholders, particularly market
regulators and shareholders. While numerous studies have
clearly evidenced that sound corporate governance practices
is an important tool for reducing agency costs and an
effective board, higher proportion of independent directors,
a vigilant audit committee etc. are very significant variables
and they have a positive impact on firm’s market
performance; there are differences in the patterns observed,
depending on the host country of the firm, stage of
development of the economy (developing vs developed), size
of the firm, ownership etc. The current work attempts to
conduct a meta-analysis of all relevant research issues
around corporate governance. Researchers have developed
various indices to measure Corporate Governance by using
proxies like Board size, number of independent directors,
attendance record of board members etc. Extant studies have
proved that corporate governance practices are more
developed and associated with developed economic markets
as compared to developing economies. Similarly, studies
have evidenced that Corporate Governance systems and
architectures are more observed in large firms whereas it is
poor in small firms. Also, we highlight research work which
clearly prove that Corporate Governance is better in
professionally managed companies as compared to family own businesses. Finally, we list evidence to support that
better corporate governance practices definitely lead to
better image of the firm among the shareholders in the
markets leading to better valuation. The current work also
highlights uniqueness of corporate governance in Banking
sector.
Keywords : Corporate Governance, Agency Theory, Agency cost, Board of Directors, Developed and Developing economies, Firm size, ownership, Firm Performance, Auditor Quality, Banks.
- Research Scholar, Integrated University, Lucknow. E-Mail: krishnagi27@gmail.com
- Professor, IIM, Lucknow.
- Assistant Professor, Integrated University, Lucknow.
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Child Labour in Tobacco: Household Survey in Murshidabad District of West Bengal
Sudip Chakraborty1
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The present study looks in to pervasiveness and the reasons
for persistence of child labour in home-based tobaccoprocessing
units in Murshidabad district in West Bengal.
Child labour of any form is unacceptable. Pervasive poverty
and low skill transfer across generations have been found to
be connected with persistence of home-based tobacco work
of children in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. For
girls, this skill transfer paves the way for their marriages and
for boys the same is for contributing to their family income.
Families trapped in low skill transfer and poverty nexus
should be lifted out of the vicious circle. Skill development in
horticulture, fruit processing and revival of handicrafts hold
the key to economic transformation. Child labour in Beedi
making can be eliminated through universal and attractive
schooling for children. VEC, labour inspector and
Panchayat should work together. A mix of compulsion and
persuasion should underlie the public action.
Keywords- Child justice, hazardous work, informalization, Feminization, Skill Transfer.
- Associate Professor in Economics, Ananda Chandra College (North Bengal University), P.O. & Dist. Jalpaiguri, West Bengal- 735101. E-mail: sudip294@yahoo.com
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Effectiveness of Advertising Media and Demographic Factors: An Empirical Study of Jammu and Kashmir Tourists
Shipra Misra 1
Kakali Majumdar 2
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Effectiveness of advertisements is an important area of study
for any destination. Advertisement helps the tourists to gain
learning about the place. Jammu and Kashmir (J &K), is
predominantly based on the tourism. In the present study,
various advertising media and their effectiveness are studied
in respect of demographic factors for the tourists visiting J
&K. Three broad advertising media namely Broadcasting,
Print media and modern ICT are constructed for the present
study. Age, income, employment and education, these four
demographic factors are considered for the effectiveness
analysis. Primary data of 310 tourists has been collected
through well-structured questionnaire. Factor Analysis and
Multiple Regressions are used for data analysis. It is
observed that income and age are the most prominent
demographic factors that influence the effectiveness of
different advertising media for J & K tourists. Except
income, none of demographic variations is influencing the
effectiveness of the Modern ICT advertisement for J & K
tourist. The study is useful for destination marketers to
develop micromarketing strategies for enhancing
effectiveness of advertising in whole tourism sector in
general and J & K tourism in particular.
Keywords: Tourism, Advertisement, Effectiveness, Media, Demographic factor.
JEL Classification: L83, M37, Z32
- PhD Student, School of Business, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu, India, Pin-182320
- Associate professor, School of Economics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu, India, Pin-182320.
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Measuring TFPG and its Components Using Frontier Approaches: A Study of 4-Digit Manufacturing Industries of Metal Products and Machinery Equipments in India
Prasanta Kumar Roy1
Purnendu Sekhar Das2
Sebak Kumar Jana3
Devkumar Nayek4
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The study estimates TFPG and its components of the 4-digit
manufacturing industries of metal products and machinery
equipments in India during 1998-99 to 2017-18 and during
its two sub-periods-pre-economic crisis period (1998-99 to
2007-08) and post-economic crisis period (2008-09 to
2017-18) using frontier approaches, i.e., Data Envelop
Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA).
The components of TFPG are technological progress (TP),
technical efficiency change (TEC) and economic scale
change (SC). Our study shows over this twenty-year period
(1998-99 to 2017-18), TFPG of most of the 4-digit
manufacturing industries of metal products and machinery
equipments in India declined during the period of posteconomic
crisis (2008-09 to 2017-18) as per SFA measure
and the decline in TFPG of them is due to the decline in TP
of the same during this period; while as per DEA measure
TFPG of most of those industries have increased and the
increase in TFPG of them is mainly responsible for the
increase in TEC and SC of the same during that period.
Keywords: 4-Digit Manufacturing Industries, Metal Products and Machinery Equipments, Data Envelop Analysis, Stochastic Frontier Approach, Total Factor Productivity Growth, Technological Progress, Technical Efficiency Change, Economic Scale Change.
JEL CODES:: C23, D24, L6, O47
- Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Midnapore College (Autonomous),
Midnapore, Dist. Paschim Medinipur (W.B.), India, Pin: 721101,
Email: prasanta.agnik@gmail.com
- ** Professor (Retd.), Vinod Gupta School of Management, IIT, Kharagpur, Dist. Paschim
Medinipur (W.B.), India, Email: psdas1942@gmail.com)
- Professor, Department of Economics with Rural Development, Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore, Dist. Paschim Medinipur (W.B.), India Email: sebakjana@yahoo.co.in
- Guest Teacher, Dept. of Economics, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore,
Dist. Paschim Medinipur (W.B.), India, Pin: 721101,
Email: dev.kumar.nayek1987@gmail.com
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Agrarian Crisis in India and its Determinants: A Diagnostic Perspective
Vikram Chadha1
Sandeep Kaur2
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Agriculture continues to remain a preponderant sector of
the Indian economy. In spite of its dwindling contribution to
GDP overtime, it is still a large employer of labour force.
Although in the contemporary phase, Indian agriculture is
mined in deep crisis mainly manifesting in plunging
productivities, rising cost of cultivation, inequalities and
nose diving incomes, and of late, due to exploitation at the
hands of MNCs supplying inputs, yet since time immemorial
agriculture in India has been afflicted with different shades
of crises, either due to high land revenue and Zamindari
system during the colonial period, or adverse climate
conditions. But the end result has been abysmal distress for
the farmer cultivators. Agrarian crisis is a complex
syndrome. Multiple factors have precipitated into a crisis
situation in agricultural sector with very diabolic
consequences. The present paper therefore attempts to, first
quantify the extent of agrarian crisis in India by constructing
a composite index of agrarian crisis and then to analyse its
determinants and contributing factors over the study period
with the help of Multiple Regression Analysis. The major
findings are that the agrarian distress has deepened over
time and the main contributors are low share of public
investment in agricultural sector and slowly rising Minimum
Support Prices (MSPs).
- Prof. (Retd.) Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
(PUNJAB).Email: vikramchad@yahoo.com
- Assistant Professor, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar (PUNJAB).
Email: sandeepsukh.sk@gmail.com
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An Analysis of Fiscal Policy Stimulus and the Response of Public Debt Under Covid 19: An Indian Perspective
Samir Ul Hassan1
Biswambhar Mishra2
Tosib Alam3
Monika Sinha Rymbai4
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This study examined the effect of India’s public debt on
public spending from 1985-to 2018. ARDL Auto-Regressive
Distributed Lag models were used to test the effect of the
various public debt instruments on public spending in India.
The cointegration test found the existence of a long-run
relationship among the investigated variables. The study
found that the increase in public spending, in response to
Covid-19, and the fall in tax revenue and economic activity,
will make the public debt ratio jump substantially. The shortrun
result shows that public debt has an insignificant effect
on public spending in India, especially for health and
infrastructure. The debt servicing and the adjustment policies
required to address the debt burden have also worsened
investment in such areas as social welfare in the area of
education, health, and communication. In the near-term,
additional fiscal action should be deployed as needed to
support the poor and the vulnerable. This should be
accompanied by a credible medium-term fiscal consolidation
plan that can reinforce market confidence and structural
reforms that boost India's growth potential. The effects of
Covid-19 on health, education, poverty, and nutrition render
progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals even
more urgent. Macroeconomic and financial stability are
important necessary conditions for sustainable development.
Keywords: Fiscal policy; Public debt; debt GDP ratio;
pandemic.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Kashmir.
- Professor, Department of Economics, North Eastern Hill University Shillong.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Kashmir.
- Research Scholar and MLR Fellow, North Eastern Hill University Shillong.
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Social Sector Expenditure and Human Development
Index: An Empirical Analysis of Indian States
Sanjeev Kumar and Urvashi Sirohi*
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India underperforms, in comparison to several other
developing countries, in terms of its socio-economic
outcomes. On the other hand, social sector expenditure is
considered to be instrumental in achieving higher levels of
social sector expenditure. This kind of spending is not only
believed to be growth enhancing but also provides a cushion
from shocks of various nature to the vulnerable section. The
available literature does not have a consensus on the impact
of social sector spending on the social outcomes. This paper
is an attempt in this direction to assess the impact of social
expenditure on the levels of human development index for 30
states of India between the time period 2000-01 to the year
2019-20. The empirical analysis finds a high degree of
variation in the social sector spending across states. Along
with that, the fixed effect panel data regression reveals that
social sector spending has a positive significant impact on
the human development index (HDI) for the states. The study
suggests that social sector spending could be one of the
possible channels to enhance the levels of living standard in
the states.
Keywords: Human Development Index, Social Sector
Expenditure, Physical Infrastructure.
JEL Classification: E62, E63, H5
* Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow
(UP)- 226007, INDIA
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow
(UP)- 226007, INDIA. E-mail: saturvashi@gmail.com
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